Electric Vehicle (EV) battery labs are facing increased demands. They must rigorously validate performance, guarantee safety, shorten development cycles, minimize energy waste, and operate with maximum cost-efficiency.

Traditionally, these labs relied on separate, specialized equipment: a DC power supply for charging and an electronic load for discharging. However, this conventional approach comes with significant limitations: it demands more hardware, consumes valuable lab space, complicates wiring, introduces additional risks, and leads to considerable energy loss.

This is where Bidirectional Power Supplies step in. These innovative devices cleverly combine both sourcing (charging) and sinking (discharging or regenerative loading) capabilities into a single, compact unit. In today’s advanced test and simulation environments for EV batteries, they are rapidly becoming the new standard. Why this swift adoption? Because they offer high efficiency, flexibility, precision, and sustainability.

In this article, we will explore:

• What defines bidirectional power supplies and how they fundamentally differ from outdated traditional setups.
• Real-world product example to showcase their practical capabilities.
• The key benefits they deliver specifically within EV battery simulation and test environments.
• Essential technical specifications to consider when evaluating and procuring these advanced systems.
• Market trends that are accelerating their widespread adoption across the industry.
• Best practices for seamlessly implementing these systems within your test labs.
• Potential challenges and risks to be aware of during deployment.

---

What Are Bidirectional Power Supplies & Why They Matter

Definition and Core Functionality

At its core, a bidirectional power supply is a powerhouse in a single unit. Unlike traditional testing setups that require separate devices for charging (sourcing power) and discharging (sinking power), these advanced units can do both. They fluidly switch between supplying electrical power to charge a battery and absorbing power as an electronic load, often regenerating that energy back into the grid.

Think of it this way: When charging, the supply acts like a standard DC power source, sending positive voltage and current into the battery. But when discharging, it reverses its role, effectively drawing power (positive voltage, negative current) from the battery, simulating real-world usage or performing a discharge test. This dual capability eliminates the need for bulky, separate equipment, simplifying your test rig considerably.

Traditional test environments, on the other hand, demand distinct DC power supplies for charging and electronic loads for discharging. This older method often involves manual or relay-based switching between modes, leading to slower operations, increased complexity, and significant energy losses as excess power is simply wasted as heat.

Key Capabilities in Action: Product Example

To illustrate the power and versatility of these systems, let’s take a look at Kikusui’s specialized line of bidirectional power supplies.

Kikusui PXB-20K Series

The PXB-20K Series stands as Kikusui’s flagship offering for bidirectional DC power supplies, explicitly designed for both sourcing (supplying) and sinking (absorbing) electrical power. These units are precisely engineered with a crucial power regeneration function, allowing absorbed energy to be efficiently returned to the AC grid with 90% or more regeneration efficiency. This makes them truly bidirectional, functioning simultaneously as a high-performance power supply and a regenerative electronic load.

Available with an output power of 20 kW in a compact 3U unit, the PXB-20K Series offers a range of rated output voltage options, including 50 V, 250 V, 500 V, 1000 V, and 1500 V (e.g., the PXB20K-500 offers ±120 A). Their robust sink current capability ensures precise control during both charging and discharging phases. Furthermore, these units support parallel operation of up to 10 units to achieve higher power systems, such as 200 kW, providing flexible solutions for demanding test setups. The high regenerative efficiency of the PXB-20K Series is a key benefit, designed to save energy and significantly reduce waste heat in demanding test environments. (Source: Kikusui Global)

Because of these advanced capabilities, bidirectional power supplies have become indispensable across critical stages of EV battery development and testing. They are essential in R&D (Research & Development), Quality Assurance (QA), production line testing, battery simulation, and for evaluating chargers, inverters, and Battery Management Systems (BMS). They are fundamentally changing how EV batteries are brought to the market.

---

Key Benefits for EV Battery Simulation & Test Environments

Adopting bidirectional power supplies marks a significant upgrade for any EV battery testing facility, delivering a multitude of benefits that directly address the pressures faced by manufacturers today.

Unprecedented Energy Efficiency & Regeneration

One of the most compelling advantages is their remarkable energy efficiency and regeneration capabilities. Unlike traditional electronic loads that simply dispel absorbed energy as wasted heat, bidirectional power supplies are engineered to feed this energy back into the grid, or directly into the facility’s main power supply. This regenerative capability dramatically reduces energy consumption. For instance, the Kikusui PXB-20K series boasts a regeneration efficiency of 90% or more, meaning a substantial portion of the energy drawn from the battery during discharge is recaptured rather than lost. This is a game-changer for reducing your operational carbon footprint.

Significant Cost Savings (Operational & Infrastructure)

The move to bidirectional supplies translates directly into substantial cost savings. Initially, the upfront CapEx (Capital Expenditure) can be lower due to requiring fewer pieces of test equipment—one bidirectional unit replaces both a DC power supply and an electronic load. Beyond the initial purchase, operational savings are considerable. Less heat loss means reduced HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) and cooling costs, as your lab isn’t fighting against wasted heat. Furthermore, the simplified setup leads to reduced wiring and fewer switching components, which minimizes maintenance requirements and lowers the risk of system failures. The most direct saving comes from energy cost reductions; regenerating power back to the grid means smaller electricity bills for your facility.

Maximized Space & Floor-Footprint Efficiency

Bidirectional power supplies help optimize it lab space. They offer high power density, packing significant capability into compact . For example, a 20 kW unit from the Kikusui PXB-20K series occupies just a 3U rack space, making it highly efficient for its output. This high density means labs can scale their testing capacity without demanding extensive floor space or oversized equipment racks, allowing for more flexible lab layouts and potentially accommodating more test bays within the same space requirement.

Enhanced Test Accuracy, Flexibility & Real-World Simulation

These advanced supplies elevate the quality and realism of your testing. They provide the accuracy and flexibility needed to precisely simulate complex charge/discharge cycles, accelerate battery aging tests, monitor state-of-health, and accurately assess the effects of temperature variations. Many units come with built-in waveform functions, allowing you to create custom waveforms, pulsed loads, or simulate dynamic behaviors such like those experienced during EV regenerative braking or sudden load spikes. They react quickly and precisely, allowing tests to perfectly copy real-world conditions. This gives you more reliable test results

Strong Alignment with Sustainability & ESG Goals

Finally, for companies with strong Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) commitments or broader sustainability goals, bidirectional power supplies are an ideal fit. By significantly reducing energy waste through regeneration and high efficiency, they directly support green lab initiatives and help meet corporate carbon reduction targets. In an increasingly environmentally conscious market, this alignment can also offer a competitive advantage and may even qualify for regulatory incentives or avoid penalties associated with energy inefficiency.

---

Technical Requirements & Specifications: What to Evaluate

When selecting bidirectional power supplies for EV battery testing, careful evaluation of technical specifications is important. The right choice ensures your test environment is efficient, accurate, and future-proof.

Specification	Why It Matters
Voltage Range & Current Rating	EV battery packs vary significantly, from low-voltage (12V/24V/48V) to high-voltage (400V, 800V, 1500V, etc.). The power supply must comprehensively cover your expected operating ranges. Example: Kikusui PXB-20K series offers models up to 1500V.
Power Rating & Power Density	Crucial for running tests quickly, achieving high throughput, and simulating demanding load cycles. Also consider the unit’s physical size (U rack height), weight, and cooling requirements to fit your lab space efficiently.
Regenerative Efficiency	This is the percentage of energy absorbed from the battery that can be returned to the grid or facility mains. Higher efficiency directly translates into greater operational cost savings and reduced environmental impact. Example: Kikusui PXB-20K series boasts 90% or more efficiency.
Transient Response / Slew Rate	For tests requiring rapid transitions between charging and discharging, or simulating highly dynamic loads (e.g., EV regenerative braking), the unit must switch and respond in milliseconds or less to accurately mimic real-world conditions.
Custom Waveform Capability	Essential for simulating realistic behavior, such as complex driving cycles, battery degradation, ripple/noise conditions, or even emulating other power sources (PV, fuel cells). Look for built-in function generators or custom waveform capabilities.
Accuracy, Stability, Noise/Ripple	For precise measurement of critical battery parameters (voltage, current, capacity, internal resistance), the output must be highly stable with minimal noise and ripple. High measurement resolution (e.g., good ADC/DAC) is vital for reliable data.
Interfaces & Programmability	Modern test environments demand seamless integration. Look for remote control options like USB, Ethernet, CAN, and GPIB, ensuring the unit can be easily integrated into automated test systems and production lines.
Safety Protections & Standards Compliance	Non-negotiable for lab and device safety. Features like overvoltage, overcurrent, overpower, and thermal protection are standard. Compliance with automotive test standards (e.g., LV123, LV148) and internal battery safety protocols is critical.

---

Market Trends & Context Driving Adoption

Understanding the strong forces pushing bidirectional power supplies into the spotlight is crucial for B2B leaders. These are not just gradual improvements. They represent a strategic shift in how EV batteries are developed and validated.

The most significant driver is the accelerated growth of the EV market and rising regulatory pressure. As electric vehicle adoption rapidly expands globally, battery manufacturers are under immense pressure to deliver products faster, with higher performance, and uncompromising safety. This necessitates testing labs that can operate with greater speed, offer more accurate simulation capabilities, and maintain sustainable operational practices. Simultaneously, stringent regulatory safety and performance standards—from general automotive battery safety to specific emissions and efficiency requirements—demand complex and reliable validation tools that traditional setups simply can’t provide.

Hand-in-hand with market growth are green lab initiatives and energy efficiency mandates. Corporate Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) targets are no longer optional, but central to business strategy. R&D and manufacturing facilities are actively seeking ways to reduce their energy waste and carbon footprint. Bidirectional power supplies, with their regenerative loading capabilities, directly address this by returning absorbed energy to the grid, dramatically lowering the energy consumption associated with extensive battery testing.

Furthermore, the demand for modularity and scalability is reshaping lab infrastructure. Modern test labs require the flexibility to scale their power systems up or down efficiently, often by connecting multiple units in parallel or series. Manufacturers like Kikusui offer units that can be configured in master/slave or parallel arrangements, allowing labs to adapt their test racks to evolving project needs without requiring entirely new, large, and inflexible equipment.

Finally, advancements in component technologies and the overall demand for automated test & data analytics are making them spread faster. The continuous improvement in semiconductors, such as Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Gallium Nitride (GaN), enables higher performance and greater efficiency in bidirectional power supplies, making them more viable and robust. Meanwhile, modern test labs are not merely validating hardware; they require rich, detailed data on battery degradation, performance over its lifecycle, and predictive failure analysis. Instruments that seamlessly combine power supply, electronic load, advanced waveform generation, and comprehensive remote programmability perfectly meet this demand for integrated, data-driven testing.

---

Best Practices for Implementing Bidirectional Supply Test Environments

Adopting bidirectional power supplies is a strategic investment that generates value when implemented thoughtfully. For engineers and leaders in EV battery simulation and test environments, a structured approach is key to maximizing efficiency, safety, and return on investment.

Precisely Define Your Test Requirements

Before you invest in a bidirectional power supply, carefully define your specific test requirements. This involves pinpointing the exact voltage and current ranges needed to cover all expected EV battery packs (from low-voltage batteries to high-voltage traction batteries). Crucially, you must outline the precise charge/discharge cycles you’ll be running, whether for aging, performance validation, or quality control, and identify the expected waveform or load types—be they steady, pulsed, or complex custom patterns. Furthermore, consider your desired test throughput: how many battery packs or cells need to be processed per day, and how frequently modifications will occur. This foundational step ensures you select equipment that perfectly matches your operational needs.

Assess Infrastructure & Regeneration Readiness

Implementing regenerative power supplies requires careful consideration of your existing infrastructure. It’s vital to confirm that your lab’s power grid is technically capable of receiving energy back safely, and that your utility company’s policies permit this regeneration. Beyond grid interaction, plan for robust cooling solutions to manage any residual heat, ensure stable input AC power quality (including Power Factor Correction, or PFC), and integrate appropriate safety devices. A thorough infrastructure assessment prevents costly surprises down the line.

Develop a Robust Integration and Automation Strategy

The true power of modern test equipment lies in its ability to integrate seamlessly. Plan a comprehensive integration and automation strategy by leveraging programmable interfaces such as Ethernet, CAN, and GPIB. These enable remote control and sophisticated sequence programming. Automating your test routines—including charge/discharge cycling, data capture, and report generation—will drastically improve efficiency, reduce human error, and accelerate development cycles.

Prioritize Safety & Regulatory Compliance

In any battery testing environment, safety is one of the top priorities. Ensure your bidirectional power supply setup includes comprehensive safety interlocks, continuous temperature monitoring, and robust protection. Equally important is adherence to relevant standards, including automotive test standards (e.g., LV123, LV148) and all applicable battery safety protocols. A proactive approach to safety and compliance protects personnel, equipment, and your company’s reputation.

Maintain Calibration & Measurement Precision

To guarantee the reliability of your test data, calibration and measurement precision must be a continuous focus. Regularly calibrate all voltage and current measurement paths to ensure accuracy. Pay close attention to monitoring noise/ripple and any transient inaccuracies, especially when your tests are designed to model complex real-world battery systems. High precision ensures that your test results are trustworthy and repeatable.

Align with ESG / Sustainability Goals

Finally, leverage bidirectional power supplies to actively align with your corporate ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) and sustainability goals. By tracking the energy saved through regeneration, you can include solid metrics in your sustainability reporting, showcasing a commitment to environmental responsibility. Consider models with higher regeneration efficiency, even if the initial investment is slightly higher, as the long-term energy savings and positive environmental impact often justify the upfront cost.

---

Challenges & Risks: What to Watch Out For

While bidirectional power supplies offer significant advantages, no advanced solution is without its considerations. Manufacturers adopting these systems must be aware of potential challenges to ensure smooth implementation and maximize their benefits. Proactively addressing these difficulties is key to a successful test environment.

Initial Cost and Return on Investment (ROI) Timing

One of the first considerations is the initial investment cost. Bidirectional units are sophisticated pieces of equipment and, by nature of their dual functionality and advanced features, tend to have a higher upfront cost compared to purchasing separate, simpler DC power supplies (source-only) or basic electronic loads. Therefore, accurately calculating the Return on Investment (ROI) is crucial. This ROI is heavily dependent on factors such as your specific test volume, the extent of energy savings achieved through regeneration, and the long-term benefits of reduced space and complexity. For that reason a thorough cost-benefit analysis considering the entire lifecycle is essential.

Complexity of Configuration and Maintenance

The enhanced functionality of bidirectional power supplies, while powerful, can also introduce a degree of complexity in configuration and maintenance. More features and advanced control paths inherently mean more potential points of failure or misconfiguration compared to simpler, single-function devices. To mitigate this, your technical staff will require specialized training to fully understand the unit’s capabilities, programming interfaces, and adjustment procedures. Investing in training ensures that your team can confidently operate and maintain these advanced systems.

Ensuring Model Accuracy vs. Real-World Battery Behavior

A significant challenge in battery simulation is ensuring the accuracy of the test model against real-world battery behavior. Batteries are complex electrochemical systems whose degradation, performance, and internal characteristics are profoundly affected by various factors, including temperature, charge/discharge cycles, cell balancing, and internal resistance. Effective bidirectional power supplies must be capable of supporting intricate test regimes that accurately reflect these real-world conditions and their subtle interactions. This often requires advanced programming capabilities and precise control to truly mimic battery degradation over its lifespan.

Inherent Safety Risks

Working with high-power electrical equipment, especially in the context of battery testing, always presents safety risks. The use of high voltages, the dynamic flow of regenerative energy, and the potential for events like thermal runaway, overcurrent, or overvoltage all require close attention. It is important to design the test rig with robust protection circuits, including emergency stops and fail-safes. Strict adherence to valid safety protocols, thorough risk assessments, and regular safety audits are important to protect your personnel and prevent damage to your equipment.

Grid & Utility Constraints

Finally, adopting regenerative power supplies can bring grid and utility constraints into play. In some jurisdictions (including parts of the U.S. and globally), feeding energy back to the local facility mains or the broader grid may require special interconnection agreements, certifications, or even specific utility policies. Legal and regulatory frameworks can vary significantly, potentially limiting how and when regeneration can be utilized. Manufacturers must research and understand these local constraints early in the planning phase to ensure compliance and avoid unexpected limitations on their regenerative capabilities.

---

Conclusion: The New Standard for EV Battery Testing

Bidirectional power supplies are no longer an emerging technology. They are rapidly becoming the essential new standard in EV battery simulation and test environments. Their unique ability to seamlessly combine sourcing and sinking functions, efficiently regenerate energy, support flexible waveform generation, and offer broad voltage/current ranges fundamentally transforms lab operations. By simultaneously reducing operational costs and space requirements, these systems represent the preferred choice for labs committed to achieving unparalleled speed, precision, and sustainability.

The transition to bidirectional solutions is both a strategic imperative and a practical necessity. Decision-makers who delay or ignore this crucial shift risk falling behind in critical areas like efficiency, long-term sustainability goals, and the ability to meet evolving regulatory demands. Embracing this technology now is an investment in future competitiveness and innovation.

Ready to Optimize Your EV Battery Testing? Take the Next Step.

The journey toward a more efficient and sustainable EV battery test environment begins today. If you’re responsible for EV battery testing, R&D, or lab management, consider these actionable steps:

• Audit Your Current Setup: Quantify the energy currently being wasted in your lab and identify opportunities to integrate equipment with bidirectional units into your setup.
• Request Demos & Consultations: Reach out to leading manufacturers and request demonstrations of bidirectional power supplies (e.g., the Kikusui PXB-20K series) that precisely match your voltage and current requirements.
• Build a Robust Business Case: Develop a comprehensive model comparing the Capital Expenditure (CapEx) against the significant long-term operational savings in energy, cooling, and space.
• Align with Strategic Goals: Ensure your upcoming lab builds or equipment upgrades are strategically aligned with both your corporate sustainability targets and relevant automotive and safety test standards.

---

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Here are quick answers to some of the most common questions about bidirectional power supplies in EV battery testing:

Question	Answer
Q1: What does “bidirectional” mean for power supplies?	It means the device can both source power (supply power for charging a device under test) and sink power (act as an electronic load for discharging or handling regenerative energy). It switches dynamically and often seamlessly between these modes.
Q2: How efficient is regeneration, and why does it matter?	Many modern bidirectional supplies, like the Kikusui PXB-20K series, achieve 90% or more regenerative efficiency. High efficiency is vital because energy fed back to the grid significantly lowers electricity costs, reduces cooling needs, and supports sustainability.
Q3: What voltage/current ranges are typical for EV testing?	This depends on the specific battery application. For EV battery pack R&D, you often need high-voltage ranges (e.g., 400V, 800V, up to 1500V or 2000V) and substantial current. For smaller cells or modules, lower voltages with higher currents might be more relevant.
Q4: Are there specific standards for battery testing with BPS?	Yes. Key examples include LV123 and LV148 for automotive battery/charger/inverter testing, and various safety standards for battery management and over-protection. Ensure your equipment and processes comply.
Q5: What are the main trade-offs of bidirectional supplies?	They typically have a higher upfront cost and introduce more complexity in control and software. However, for labs with high test volumes or strong sustainability objectives, the long-term ROI usually justifies the investment.

You might be considering an electric vehicle (EV), but wondering about its broader impact. While EVs are great for clean transport, their benefits go far beyond that. Imagine your EV not just drawing power, but also feeding energy back into the grid during peak demand. This isn’t a distant idea anymore. It’s the future being built now. At the heart of this shift are bidirectional power supplies, the essential hardware that makes V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) systems possible.

As utilities, fleet operators, charger manufacturers, and policymakers work to decarbonize the grid and stabilize electricity demand, bidirectional power supplies are becoming foundational. They enable EVs to act not just as mobile energy consumers but as dynamic energy assets.

In this article we will explore what V2G is and why bidirectional power supplies are crucial to its success. We will then examine the current regulatory and infrastructure status in the US, analyzing what helps or hinders V2G deployment. We will also cover the technical features needed for V2G-capable systems, as well as the real-world use cases and pilot programs already underway. Finally, we’ll discuss the key challenges to scaling up V2G and the significant economic and business opportunities available for B2B players. Our aim is to help US organizations understand how to invest in the right hardware, align with regulations, and confidently participate in or even lead the V2G movement.

---

What is V2G & Why Bidirectional Power Supplies are Essential

At its core, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) is about enabling a two-way flow of electricity. It transforms your electric vehicle from a simple power consumer into a dynamic participant in the energy grid. This means power can flow:

• From the grid to your EV: This is standard charging, where your car draws electricity.
• From your EV back to the grid: This happens when the grid needs extra power—perhaps during peak demand, in emergencies, or during specific “demand response” events when the utility asks for energy support.

This crucial two-way power exchange requires specialized bidirectional power supplies and smart control systems that can safely handle both sourcing and sinking electricity, often integrated directly into chargers or Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE). They are uniquely designed to handle both charging and discharging. If you’re looking for an in-depth understanding of how these powerful units are transforming lab operations, read our previous article on EV Battery Testing with Bidirectional Power Supplies.

Without these bidirectional power supplies, V2G would either remain a theoretical concept or be limited to simpler applications like vehicle-to-home (V2H) systems (where the EV powers a house) or vehicle-to-load (V2L) (where the EV powers specific devices), without interacting with the broader grid.

Successfully deploying V2G also relies on several key technologies and protocols:

• EVSE with Bidirectional Inverter Capabilities: The charging equipment itself must have the internal electronics (inverters) capable of converting DC battery power to AC grid power and vice-versa.
• Communication Standards and Protocols: EVs, chargers, and the grid need to “talk” to each other seamlessly. Standards like ISO 15118 and SAE J3072 ensure secure and efficient communication for managing power flow.
• Utility Grid Interconnection: EVs must connect to the utility grid under specific, regulated rules to ensure safety, stability, and proper billing for the energy exchanged.

---

V2G in Action: Regulations, Pilots & Use Cases in the US

Understanding the regulatory environment is absolutely critical for any B2B organization venturing into V2G projects. The rules and existing infrastructure determine how V2G systems can connect to the grid, operate, and be compensated.

Maryland’s Groundbreaking Interconnection Rules

Maryland is leading the charge in the US. As of July 7, 2025, it will become the very first US state to adopt comprehensive V2G interconnection rules that explicitly cover both AC (Alternating Current) and DC (Direct Current) V2G systems. This is a significant step forward, providing a clear path for deployment. (Source: EV Infrastructure News)

Under Maryland’s COMAR (Code of Maryland Regulations) 20.50, DC V2G systems are integrated under the existing regulations for stationary energy storage systems, streamlining their approval process. For AC V2G systems, two primary pathways for interconnection are defined:

• Certified Charger + Vehicle: An AC V2G system can interconnect if it uses a charger certified to UL 1741 SC and is paired with an EV specifically designed to SAE J3072 standards.
• Composite DER System: Alternatively, both the charger and the vehicle can be certified together to UL 1741 SB as a composite Distributed Energy Resource (DER) system. (Source: VGIC)

These rules also clearly differentiate between V2G systems used solely for backup power (e.g., providing electricity during grid outages) versus those operating in grid-parallel mode (actively sending energy to the grid). Each mode has distinct interconnection and permit requirements, which helps prevent confusion and ensures appropriate safety and operational standards.

Expanding Pilot Programs & State Activity

Beyond Maryland, other states are actively exploring V2G through various pilot programs and initiatives:

• Massachusetts V2X Pilot: Massachusetts is deploying 100 bidirectional EV chargers in a “Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X)” pilot program. This ambitious project spans residential, commercial, municipal, and school customers, with the goal of adding approximately 1.5 megawatts (MW) of flexible grid capacity by September 2026. This broad scope aims to understand V2G’s potential across diverse settings. (Source: Utility Dive)
• Illinois Electric School Bus Pilot: Several school districts in Illinois are participating in a ComEd pilot that focuses on V2G with electric school buses. This program is testing how bidirectional chargers can effectively help reduce stress on the grid, particularly during periods of high electricity demand. School buses, with their predictable schedules and significant battery capacity, are ideal candidates for such V2G applications. (Source: businesswire)
• Energy Dept / University of Delaware / PJM Example: A prominent example involves the U.S. Department of Energy, the University of Delaware, and PJM (a regional transmission organization). The University of Delaware utilizes its fleet vehicles, registered within the PJM market, to participate in grid services. When these vehicles are plugged in and available, their batteries can provide support to the grid, earning revenue for the university and highlighting V2G’s economic viability for fleet operators. (Source: U.S. Department of Energy)
• Maine School Bus Pilot Assessment: Maine is also actively evaluating V2G through its School Bus Pilot Assessment. This study focuses on using electric school bus fleets to understand the broader implications for the state. Key assessment areas include implementation costs, grid interconnection complexities, infrastructure readiness, and whether leveraging EVs as mobile energy storage can help reduce or postopone costly traditional grid investments. (Source: efficiency Maine)

Persistent Utility & Policy Gaps

Despite these promising advancements, significant utility and policy gaps remain across many US regions. A primary challenge is the lack of clear V2G interconnection rules or tariffs that adequately compensate EV owners and organizations for the energy they export to the grid. Without proper financial incentives, unfortunately widespread V2G adoption will be hindered. (Source: V2G Forum)

Furthermore, standardization continues to be a barrier, especially for AC V2G systems. Some pilot program permissions currently depend on specific pairings of chargers and vehicles, which limits flexibility and slows down broader market development. Addressing these gaps through clear, consistent regulations and standardized technology will be important for V2G to achieve its full potential. (Source: Fermata Energy)

---

Features Needed for Bidirectional Power Supplies in V2G

To fully realize the potential of V2G, the hardware, firmware, and overall system integration must meet specific technical criteria. When evaluating bidirectional power supplies for V2G deployment, these are the key features and specifications that demand close attention.

Feature	Description & Why It Matters
Bidirectional Charging Capability	This is the fundamental requirement: the system must reliably and safely support both charging (power flow from grid to EV) and discharging (power flow from EV back to grid). Proper control over both directions is essential for V2G operations.
Efficient Inverter / Power Electronics	High efficiency in converting power in both directions (AC-to-DC and DC-to-AC) is essential. Significant energy losses during conversion directly impact the economic viability (ROI) of V2G systems and hinder environmental goals.
Certification & Safety Standards	Compliance with relevant industry standards is mandatory for safety and grid acceptance. For AC V2G, certifications like UL 1741 SC (Standard for Converters, Inverters, and Controllers for Use in Independent Power Systems) and SAE J3072 (for vehicle communication) are key. DC systems have their own specific interconnection rules, as seen with Maryland’s regulations.
Communication Protocols & EV/EVSE Compatibility	Seamless “handshake” between the EV, the charging equipment (EVSE), and the grid is vital. Standards such as ISO 15118 and SAE J3072 facilitate secure authentication, precise control signals, communication of battery State-of-Charge (SoC) limits, and overall system safety during power exchange.
Grid Compliance & Interconnection Capacity	The local utility must technically permit and officially approve power flowing back into the grid. This often involves specific regulatory interconnection agreements and ensuring the system meets utility-defined requirements for stability and power quality.
Battery Management & Degradation Protection	V2G operations should not excessively accelerate battery degradation. The system must include smart battery management features to limit cycles, control depth of discharge, and manage the frequency of discharge events to protect the EV battery’s lifespan and warranty.
Smart Software / Firmware & Data Tracking	Advanced software and firmware are needed to manage complex V2G participation. This includes facilitating demand response events, responding to dynamic electricity pricing, optimizing peak load shaving, and providing detailed data for monitoring and analysis.
Scalability & Use-Case Flexibility	V2G deployments can vary widely, from individual residential EVs to large commercial fleets (like school buses or delivery vehicles) or even supporting critical backup loads. The chosen equipment must be flexible enough to scale with different demands and adapt to diverse use cases.

---

Challenges & Barriers to Scaling V2G

While the vision for Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) is compelling, transitioning from successful pilot programs to widespread, mainstream deployment faces several significant obstacles. B2B players must understand these challenges to navigate the V2G landscape effectively.

Technical & Hardware Hurdles

The V2G ecosystem is still maturing, presenting various technical and hardware challenges. A primary issue is the limited availability of chargers and electric vehicles that are truly bidirectional and fully compliant with emerging standards. The distinction between AC (Alternating Current) and DC (Direct Current) V2G adds another layer of complexity: AC V2G typically relies on an inverter built into the vehicle itself, while DC V2G systems require external converters. (Source: Fermata Energy) The current lag in standardization for both approaches slows down adoption, and the hardware costs for these advanced bidirectional systems remain relatively high. Furthermore, efficiency losses across power electronics, inverter inefficiencies, and general thermal and conversion losses can significantly impact the economic viability of V2G services, potentially eroding expected revenues or savings.

Regulatory, Interconnection & Policy Barriers

The regulatory landscape poses substantial interconnection and policy barriers. Many U.S. states have yet to develop clear interconnection rules specifically for V2G systems. Even in regions where some rules exist, utilities might have lengthy approval processes or simply lack established procedures for handling bidirectional power export from customer-owned assets. A critical hurdle is the inconsistency or absence of tariffs and fair compensation schemes. Without clear, attractive compensation for energy exported back to the grid, participation remains weak for many EV owners and fleet operators. Additionally, necessary safety and certification standards are still under active development in various areas. While standards like UL 1741 SC, UL 1741 SB, and SAE J3072 provide some pathways, their consistent adoption and integration across all products and jurisdictions are still uneven.

Economic & Business Model Concerns

Beyond technical and regulatory issues, significant economic and business model concerns need to be addressed. A major consideration is battery degradation costs. Frequent cycling, deep discharges, or a high number of discharge events associated with V2G participation can potentially accelerate the wear and tear on an EV’s battery, thus shortening its lifespan. This degradation cost must be carefully balanced against any revenue earned or bill savings achieved through V2G. The upfront cost of hardware remains a barrier, encompassing not only the bidirectional chargers and EVSE but also grid interface equipment, necessary software, site preparation, permits, and interconnection fees. Finally, customer and owner behavior is a critical, often underestimated, factor. The willingness of EV owners or fleet managers to make their vehicles available to the grid when needed, while also ensuring the vehicle has sufficient State-of-Charge (SoC) for its primary transportation needs, is essential for V2G’s success.

---

Economic & Business Opportunities for B2B Stakeholders

Despite the existing hurdles, the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) landscape presents a significant upside for businesses that strategically position themselves and move early. These opportunities span various sectors, offering new revenue streams, operational efficiencies, and pathways for differentiation.

Utilities & Grid Operators

For utilities and grid operators, V2G offers a powerful toolkit for modernizing and strengthening the electricity network. By leveraging EV batteries, they can delay costly infrastructure investments in new generation or transmission capacity. V2G systems enable them to reduce peak demand by drawing power from EVs during high-use periods, thus stabilizing the grid. This also significantly improves grid resilience, providing a distributed network of energy storage that can support the system during outages or unexpected fluctuations.

EVSE / Charger Manufacturers

Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) and charger manufacturers stand to gain a competitive edge. By focusing on V2G-capable units, they can achieve crucial product differentiation in an increasingly crowded market. This emphasis on bidirectional functionality opens doors to entirely new product lines and service offerings, catering to the growing demand for smart, grid-interactive charging solutions.

Fleet Operators (School Buses, Public Transit, Delivery Fleets)

Fleet operators—ranging from school buses and public transit to commercial delivery fleets—have a particularly strong business case for V2G. They gain the unique ability to monetize idle battery time. When their vehicles are parked, their batteries can provide valuable grid services, generating demand response revenue. Furthermore, V2G functionality offers integrated backup power capabilities, enhancing the resilience of their own operations during outages.

Aggregators & Software Providers

The growth of V2G creates a key role for aggregators and software providers. These companies build and run smart platforms that can manage entire fleets of V2G-enabled vehicles. Their tools coordinate charging and discharging, allowing fleets to offer their energy to programs like demand response or other grid support services. These platforms are foundational, creating the smart system that makes new V2G business models possible and brings the most value to all users.

Policy & Incentive Providers

Finally, policy and incentive providers at the state or municipal level play a crucial role in accelerating V2G adoption. By implementing rebates or direct incentives for the purchase and installation of bidirectional chargers, or by offering favorable interconnection tariffs that properly compensate for exported energy, they can significantly lower barriers to entry and stimulate market growth. These policies create a supportive environment for businesses and consumers to embrace V2G.

---

Best Practices for Deploying V2G Systems with Bidirectional Power Supplies

For B2B players looking to successfully implement V2G deployments, following a structured set of best practices is a must. These steps will help navigate complexities, reduce risks, and maximize the value derived from bidirectional power supply investments:

1. Start with Strategic Pilot Projects

Before committing to large-scale deployment, it’s highly recommended to begin with smaller, controlled pilot projects. Ideal environments include school bus depots, municipal fleets, or even a limited number of residential installations. These pilots serve as invaluable learning opportunities, allowing you to thoroughly test hardware, software, and various tariff structures in a real-world setting. Crucially, they enable the collection of essential data on system performance, battery health and State-of-Charge (SoC) behavior, and the intricacies of grid interconnection. This data is vital for refining your approach before broader rollout.

2. Specify and Procure the Right Hardware

Selecting the correct equipment is foundational. Always specify and procure bidirectional power supplies and chargers that strictly conform to industry standards. This includes certifications like UL 1741 SC, UL 1741 SB, and communication protocols such as SAE J3072. When evaluating hardware, prioritize key attributes like high efficiency in both charging and discharging, robust safety features, reliable communication capabilities, and overall flexibility to adapt to different use cases and vehicle types. Investing in quality hardware from the start prevents significant issues later.

3. Plan Early for Grid Interconnection & Compliance

Early engagement with utility regulators and grid operators is vital. Begin this process as soon as a V2G project is conceived. In locations with clearer rules, like Maryland, understanding these regulations well in advance is key to avoiding costly delays and ensuring a smooth approval process. Beyond utility requirements, ensure your chosen site meets all local building codes, safety regulations, and energy standards. Proactive planning for interconnection ensures technical viability and regulatory acceptance.

4. Design Robust Software & Control Protocols

The intelligence of a V2G system lies in its software. Design sophisticated energy management software (EMS) and control protocols that facilitate seamless integration with demand response programs and enable precise tracking and data logging. These controls must prioritize the protection of the EV battery, safeguarding its State-of-Charge (SoC) limits and overall health, while simultaneously meeting user requirements for vehicle readiness. Smart software is what truly unlocks the dynamic capabilities of V2G.

5. Conduct Thorough Economic & Financial Modeling

A detailed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) model is essential for validating your V2G business case. This model must encompass all capital costs (hardware, installation), operational costs (including energy consumption/export, maintenance, interconnection fees), and realistically projected revenues. Revenue streams can include earnings from exported energy, participation in grid services, and reductions in demand charges. Importantly, this modeling must also include battery degradation estimates to ensure the financial viability of V2G services does not come at an unacceptable cost to battery lifespan.

6. Foster Strong Stakeholder Partnerships & Communication

V2G is a collaborative endeavor. Foster strong partnerships and maintain clear communication among all key stakeholders: utilities, regulators, EV manufacturers (OEMs), and fleet owners or individual EV owners. Open dialogue is crucial for aligning expectations, addressing concerns, and coordinating efforts. Furthermore, transparent communication with EV owners and fleet operators about the benefits, impact, incentives, and scheduling requirements of V2G participation is vital for building trust and ensuring their continued engagement.

---

Conclusion: V2G – From Concept to Reality in the US

Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) deployment in the United States is rapidly moving from a promising concept to a tangible, actionable part of our infrastructure. At its very core are bidirectional power supplies—the crucial technical enablers that allow energy to flow not just one way, but both. This two-way flow unlocks incredible grid flexibility, smoother integration of renewable energy, and significant economic opportunities for many.

For B2B organizations—including utilities, EVSE manufacturers, and fleet owners—the window of opportunity is wide open. Regulatory frameworks, as seen in places like Maryland, now clearly permit V2G interconnection. Pilot programs across Massachusetts, Illinois, Maine, and other states are successfully proving various operational models. Crucially, the business cases for V2G are strengthening, showing real potential for cost savings, enhanced resilience, and new revenue from grid services.

Going forward, success will depend on robust, certified, and efficient hardware, clear and consistent regulation and tariff policies, sophisticated software control systems, and strong partnerships focused on shared goals. For those who choose to engage early, V2G offers not only compelling environmental benefits but also substantial economic upside and a leading role in shaping the future of energy.

Ready to Participate in the V2G Transformation?

The V2G revolution is here, and your organization can be a part of it. If you’re ready to explore the opportunities, consider these actionable steps:

• Assess Your EV Infrastructure: Start by evaluating your current chargers and Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE). Do they support bidirectional power flow, or will upgrades be needed?
• Connect with Utilities and Regulators: Stay proactively informed about the evolving interconnection rules and incentive programs in your specific state or region.
• Launch a Pilot Project: Begin with a small, manageable proof-of-concept. Whether it’s within a fleet, school bus operation, or housing complex, a pilot can provide invaluable real-world data and experience.
• Model Your Costs vs. Benefits: Develop a comprehensive financial model that accounts for hardware, installation, expected energy revenue or savings, and the potential impact on battery health.

---

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Here are quick answers to some of the most common questions about Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) deployment:

Question	Answer
Q1. What is “bidirectional power supply” and how does it differ from standard EV chargers?	A bidirectional power supply (or charger/EVSE) can both deliver power to the EV (charging) AND draw power back from the EV battery to the grid or load (discharging). Standard chargers only support one direction (grid → EV). For V2G, this two-way capability is essential.
Q2. Are there real regulations in the U.S. supporting V2G systems now?	Yes. Maryland is leading as the first state with comprehensive V2G interconnection rules effective July 2025, covering both DC and AC systems. Many pilot programs across the US also operate under evolving local and state regulations.
Q3. Will V2G degrade my EV battery faster?	Battery degradation is a factor, but it heavily depends on how often, how deeply, and how frequently the battery is cycled for V2G. Smart software, shallow discharge limits, and proper battery management can significantly reduce wear. Most B2B V2G pilots include degradation costs in their financial models.
Q4. What kind of cost savings or revenue can organizations expect from V2G?	Savings can come from reduced demand charges, peak shaving, and avoided infrastructure upgrades. Revenue might include payments from utilities for grid services. Pilot programs have shown some buildings or fleets saving/earning hundreds of dollars per vehicle per year, though this varies by local tariffs and hardware costs.
Q5. What technical standards matter for bidirectional charging in V2G?	Key standards include UL 1741 SC and SB for inverter/charger safety; SAE J3072 for secure vehicle-charger communication in some AC systems; and local utility interconnection rules (like Maryland’s COMAR rules). These ensure safety, grid compatibility, and smoother deployment.

When you picture a robot, you probably see advanced, futuristic machines executing complex tasks on their own flawlessly. What often goes unnoticed are the high-performance connectors – the vital, unseen infrastructure silently linking power, data, and control deep within those systems.

In this article, you’ll discover how these rugged, intelligent connectors are setting a new standard for reliability, precision, and modularity and reshaping the world of automation. We’ll dive into current market trends, explore groundbreaking technical innovations, showcase their real-world applications, and offer strategic insights to help B2B teams in manufacturing and automation make truly smarter decisions.

Market Trends For Robotic Connectors

The global market for robotic connectors isn’t just growing; it’s booming! Already valued at around USD 1.2 billion in 2024, experts predict it will jump to an estimated USD 3.5 billion by 2033, refelcting a remarkable 12.5% compounded annual growth rate. (Source: Market Research Intellect) This mirrors the thriving North American industrial robotics market, which itself pulled in roughly USD 2.5 billion in 2023 and is set for continued expansion at a 5.7% CAGR through 2030. (Source: Horizon Grand View Research) This growth isn’t random. It’s a direct result of the widespread adoption of industrial and collaborative robots across all sectors, the rapid embrace of automation in key industries like automotive and electronics, and the continuous demand for even higher performance in challenging environments.

Technology Spotlight: What Makes Connectors High-Performance

What exactly gives these connectors their “high-performance” edge? It comes down to some significant innovations:

Rugged Circular and Hybrid Connectors

At the very core of many robotic arms and collaborative robots, you’ll find circular connectors. These aren’t just chosen for aesthetics; they’re highly valued for their exceptional resistance to vibration, superior sealing protection (from IP65 to the ultra-tough IP69K), and adaptable designs. What makes them even smarter? They often cleverly integrate both power and signal contacts into a single housing. This simplifies messy cable management and significantly boosts reliability right there on the factory floor. (Source: Unmanned Systems Technology)

High-Speed Data & Low-Latency Interfaces

Modern robotics thrives on precision and perfect timing. That’s why today’s connectors are built to support lightning-fast gigabit Ethernet and Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) protocols. These capabilities are absolutely critical for precise motion control and seamless, real-time coordination between robotic components. (Source: arXiv)

You see this in action with industry leaders like Omron, who deliver high-performance connectors and cabling specifically tailored for demanding EtherCAT and industrial Ethernet environments. Take their NX-ECT101 EtherCAT Slave Unit, for example. It pairs perfectly with Omron’s rugged M12 or RJ45 cables, which are designed to support gigabit speeds with strong shielding and tough IP-rated sealing – vital even in the harshest industrial setups. Through these kinds of solutions, Omron ensures the ultra-reliable, low-latency communication that’s absolutely essential for precision robotics and finely coordinated motion control. (Source: Omron)

Miniaturization & High-Density Packaging

In the world of robotics, every millimeter of space is precious. That’s why the demand for smaller, yet equally powerful, connectors is rising. These tiny giants enable tighter integrations within complex components like robotic end-effectors, intricate sensors, and compact camera modules. The broader circular connector market itself is growing steadily at about a 6-7% CAGR, highlighting a massive opportunity for even denser, more compact connector designs.

Materials & Contact Innovation

The secret to a connector’s endurance often lies in its core. High-performance connectors utilize specialized alloys—like gold- or nickel-plated copper—specifically engineered to maintain flawless conductivity even under intense vibration and extreme temperatures. Beyond materials, contact technologies are evolving too. Consider hyperboloid contacts: these clever designs allow for incredibly frequent mating cycles with reduced insertion forces, making them perfect for robots that need quick, modular, or easily serviceable joints.

Robotics in Action: How Connectors Deliver Impact

It’s one thing to talk about technology, but how do these connectors actually make a difference in the real world?

Collaborative Robots (Cobots)

In tasks like palletizing, packing, and quality inspection, where cobots work alongside humans, connector reliability isn’t just nice to have – it’s non-negotiable. Hybrid connectors ensure these cobots get both the power and the precise signals they need, while rugged sealing guarantees they stay operational, maximizing uptime.

Autonomous & Mobile Robots

Think about Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) zipping around warehouses or advanced mobile robots. They rely heavily on push-pull circular connectors, which allow for incredibly fast and secure connections for both power and data. These connectors often feature clever keyed housings that prevent misalignment, significantly boosting overall system uptime and efficiency. 

High‑Precision Manufacturing

In demanding sectors like aerospace and medical device assembly, where accuracy is crucial, multifunctional connectors are game-changers. They enable swift tool swapping and ensure flawless, reliable signal transfer – utterly critical for achieving the highest levels of precision in complex assembly tasks.

Modular & Reconfigurable Systems

The modern factory floor often needs to be agile, with production lines that can quickly adapt. This flexibility hinges on connectors designed for frequent mating cycles. These high-performance solutions, often engineered to withstand hundreds of connections, are what truly enable rapid tool changeovers. The result? Less downtime and a significant boost in overall productivity.

Strategic Planning: What B2B Leaders Must Consider

For B2B leaders navigating the robotics landscape, choosing the right connectors isn’t just a technical detail; it’s a strategic decision. Here is what you need to consider:

ROI and Operational Efficiency

Investing in high-performance connectors is a smart financial move. They directly translate to less unplanned downtime and quicker installation times. For companies building and integrating robotics, this means faster tool changes, more precise control over operations, and accelerated ramp-up times – all contributing to a strong return on investment (ROI) and incredible production agility.

Procurement & Specification Insights

When you’re sourcing connectors, dive deep into the details. Look for the right IP ratings, ensure contact materials match your needs, and confirm data capacities. It’s crucial to verify compatibility with essential industrial protocols like EtherCAT or PROFINET before placing orders. And, of course, always balance those peak performance needs against practical considerations like costs and lead times.

Supply Chain Robustness

The market for key connector materials like copper, gold, and specialty alloys can fluctuate. To keep your projects on track, prioritize suppliers who can demonstrate proven sourcing stability and offer strong regional support. This helps you avoid unexpected delays and keeps your project timelines secure.

Emerging Trends

The connector world isn’t standing still. Here’s a glimpse into the innovations that will shape the next generation of robotics:

• Power-over-connector designs are ingeniously combining energy delivery and sensor communication into a single point. This simplifies robotic architectures, reduces cabling, and streamlines routing.
• Wireless-enabled connectors, including modules ready for 5G and Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN), are rapidly emerging. They promise unprecedented flexibility in factory layouts, and major players in the industry are already actively testing these cutting-edge solutions. (Source: arXiv)
• Even more advanced, AI-based connector mating solutions are under development. Imagine a robot that can handle delicate wire harnesses with incredible precision. A recent system, utilizing vision, tactile sensing, and deep learning, has dramatically improved this complex robotic task. (Source: arXiv)

Conclusion

The ongoing evolution of high-performance connectors – encompassing everything from robust sealing and clever hybrid power-signal integration to lightning-fast data capabilities, extreme miniaturization, and embedded intelligence – is quietly driving a profound revolution in robotics. These advanced connectors are the very foundation enabling cobots, AGVs, high-precision manufacturing systems, and modular setups to operate reliably, adapt swiftly, and scale intelligently. For B2B teams, making informed choices about connectors isn’t just good practice; it’s the essential bridge between innovative robotic design and flawless real-world performance.

Curious about how these connector innovations can truly transform your robotics projects? Explore customized connector solutions and actionable insights to boost uptime, cut costs, and elevate your automation intelligence. Let’s connect to a more reliable future now!